https://lesitedefrancois.be/en/tags/enterprise/Recent content in Enterprise on Le Site de FrançoisHugo -- gohugo.ioen© 2026 Françoishttps://lesitedefrancois.be/en/security/ad/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://lesitedefrancois.be/en/security/ad/<p><strong>Active Directory (AD)</strong> is Microsoft&rsquo;s enterprise directory and identity platform, first released with Windows 2000 and now the dominant identity provider in enterprise environments worldwide. It combines four technologies into a single integrated system: <strong>LDAP</strong> as the directory access protocol for querying and modifying identity data; <strong>Kerberos 5</strong> as the authentication protocol for issuing tickets that prove identity without transmitting passwords; <strong>DNS</strong> as the service location mechanism that clients use to discover domain controllers, Kerberos KDCs, and LDAP servers; and <strong>Group Policy</strong> as the configuration management system that pushes security settings, software installation, and policy enforcement to every joined machine. These four components are inseparable in practice: a Linux host joining an AD domain receives a Kerberos principal in AD&rsquo;s KDC, a machine account object in the AD LDAP directory, a DNS record for its hostname, and (optionally) Group Policy Objects applied to it. The AD forest is the trust boundary: multiple domains can exist within a forest and all share a common schema, configuration, and Global Catalog, with transitive Kerberos trust between them.</p>https://lesitedefrancois.be/en/telco/private-5g/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://lesitedefrancois.be/en/telco/private-5g/<p><strong>Private 5G</strong> (also <strong>non-public 5G</strong>, <strong>dedicated 5G</strong>, or <strong>campus/industrial 5G</strong>) denotes <strong>3GPP-conformant 5G systems</strong> operated for a <strong>defined organisation or site</strong> — factory, port, mine, hospital, stadium, or utility — rather than as a nationwide public mobile service. <strong>3GPP Release 16+</strong> formalised <strong>Non-Public Networks (NPN)</strong> with two principal models: <strong>Standalone NPN (SNPN)</strong> — an isolated PLMN (dedicated <strong>MCC/MNC</strong> or <strong>PLMN ID</strong>) with its own <strong>5GC and NG-RAN</strong>; and <strong>Public Network Integrated NPN (PNI-NPN)</strong> — a <strong>slice</strong> or dedicated <strong>DNN</strong> on a <strong>public operator’s 5G</strong> with contractual isolation. Private 5G delivers <strong>URLLC-capable</strong> connectivity, <strong>local breakout</strong> (traffic stays on-site via <strong>local UPF</strong>), <strong>deterministic QoS</strong>, and <strong>control</strong> over upgrades and security policies — advantages over <strong>Wi-Fi 6/7</strong> in mobility, scheduling, and industrial <strong>TSN</strong> integration scenarios, at higher cost and regulatory complexity.</p>